| |
|
 |
By The Numbers |
As per a recent survey more that 94,500 Indian students are studying in various U.S. institutions.
|
|
|
 |
Exams alert |
Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering – 2009 (GATE-2009) for admission to Post Graduate courses in Engineering all over the country will be conducted on Sunday 08 Feb 2009. |
|
|
 |
Thus Spake |
An intellectual is someone whose mind watches itself. |
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
|
Interesting Facts |
|
|
|
|
| |
The Largest Army in the World: The largest armies on earth are those of the Soviet Union, China, and the United States. The fourth largest army is India, with about 1.3 million people in its armed forces.
The Least Crowded Country on Earth: Mongolia is the 18th largest nation on earth, with an area almost four times the size of California. |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
3G Mobile Technologies |
|
|
|
Modern lifestyle has been developed for the blessing of technology. New advanced technology enables people to lead a digital lifestyle. In this fast-paced world, communication is a major element of life and makes communication easier as technological inventions are being updated constantly. One of the latest additions in the communication technology is none other than the 3G Mobile Technology. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Smile Please..! |
Clever news reporter |
| |
A car was involved in an accident in a street. As expected a large crowd gathered. A newspaper reporter, anxious to get his story could not get near the car.
Being a clever sort, he started shouting loudly, "Let me through! Let me through! I am the son of the victim".
The crowd made way for him.
Lying in front of the car was a donkey.
|
|
---------------------------------------------- |
A Farmer & A Pilot
|
|
|
|
A farmer and his wife went to a fair. The farmer was fascinated by the airplanes and asked a pilot how much a ride would cost. "$10 for 3 minutes," replied the pilot.
"That's too much," said the farmer.
The pilot thought for a second and then said, "I'll make you a deal. If you and your wife ride for 3 minutes without uttering a sound, the ride will be free. But if you make a sound, you'll have to pay $10".
The farmer and his wife agreed and went for a wild ride. After they landed, the pilot said to the farmer, "I want to congratulate you for not making a sound. You are a brave man".
"Maybe so," said the farmer, "But I gotta tell you, I almost screamed when my wife fell out".
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
From The Editors Desk |
| |
Heartiest Greetings!
In this issue of Youniverse, we have presented an article on "3G Mobile Technologies". The article gives an overview of this upcoming field that is all set to revolutionize the way we access data and communicate while on the move. This article describes the evolution of 3G technologies from the existing GSM (2G) mobile technologies.
More >>
|
Complex Simplicities |
|
|
|
|
|
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is one of the third-generation (3G) cell phone technologies, which is also being developed into a 4G technology. Currently, the most common form of UMTS uses W-CDMA as the underlying mobile telephony interface. |
|
|
Mashups |
|
|
A digital mashup is a digital media file containing any or all of text, graphics, audio, video and animation drawn from pre-existing sources, to create a new derivative work. Digital mashups represent a new phase in the re-use of existing works. The creation of digital media formats such as ASCII text, Redbook audio, JPEG images and MPEG video has made it far easier for potential mashup creators to create derivative works, than was the case in the past. |
|
|
WLAN |
|
|
A Wireless LAN or WLAN or wireless local area network is the linking of two or more computers or devices using spread-spectrum or OFDM modulation based technology to enable communication between devices in a limited area. This gives users the mobility to move around within a broad coverage area and still be connected to the network. |
|
|
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
|
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
|
|
| |
Interesting Facts |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
The Largest Army in the World: The largest armies on earth are those of the Soviet Union, China, and the United States. The fourth largest army is India, with about 1.3 million people in its armed forces. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Least Crowded Country on Earth: Mongolia is the 18th largest nation on earth, with an area almost four times the size of California. But the population of this vast nation was just 1.6 million in the 1980s. There are only 2.6 persons on the average square mile of land in Mongolia. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Great Wall of China: Chin Shih Hwang-ti was a Chinese emperor who reigned in the third century B.C. Under his rule, much of China was united for the first time. But Chin is probably best known today for a construction project begun during his reign: the Great Wall of China. Parts of this wall were probably already standing when Chin set his countrymen to work on the project. Construction and repair of the wall continued for nearly 1,700 years afterward. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Palace of the Gods: Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, was long known as the "Forbidden City". Not only is it sealed off from the world by the towering Himalaya Mountains, but it was closed by law to foreigners until 1890. This was because Lhasa was the sacred city of Tibetan Buddhists, and it was the home of their leader, the Dalai Lama. |
|
|
|
|
Lhasa is located on a plain surrounded by hills at an altitude of almost 12,000 feet, higher than most mountain peaks in the rest of the world. Higher still is Lhasa's most noted structure, the Potala, or "Palace of the Gods". |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chinese Emperor Burned All the Books: Chin Shih Huang-ti did much to unify China and he ordered the construction of the Great Wall. But Chin is as much remembered for what he destroyed as for what he built. Many Chinese scholars opposed Chin, so the emperor ordered the destruction of the scholars' greatest treasures, their books. On Chin's order, every book in China was burned, with the exception of copies kept by Chin himself in the Imperial library. |
|
|
|
Fabrics are named after Cities: The cotton cloth called muslin was named after the city of Mosul, Iraq, where it was made. Cashmere is named after the region of India called Kashmir, because it is made from the wool of goats that live in Kashmir. The word denim comes from the French expression de Nimes, "from Nimes", because the fabric was once made in that French city. |
|
|
|
Numerous Species: There are more than a million animal species. There are 6,000 species of reptiles, 73,000 kinds of spiders, and 3,000 types of lice. For each person there is about 200 million insects. The 4,600 kinds of mammals represent a mere 0.3% of animals and the 9,000 kinds of birds only 0.7%. The most abundant bird species is the red-billed quelea of sub-Saharan Africa, numbering almost 2 billion. |
|
| |
|
Busy bees: Between 20,000 and 60,000 bees live in a single hive. The queen bee lays 1500 eggs a day and lives for up to 2 years. Worker bees fly up to 14km (9 miles) to find pollen and nectar, flying at 24km/h (15 mph). Pollen is the main supply of protein and vitamins for bees, with the 10 amino acids they require. Nectar is up to 80% sugar but less than 0.2% in protein, so nectar is the carbohydrate supply for the hive. Bees place the nectar in honeycomb cells and then evaporate the water from the nectar by rapid wing movement. When the amount of water is less than 18%, the mixture is called honey and the bees cap off the cells. Thus honey is 80% sugars and 20% water. A mixture of honey and pollen is called "bee bread" and is the food for larvae and bees. |
|
| |
|
Oxford Dictionary: The first Oxford English Dictionary was published in April 1928, 50 years after it was started. It consisted of 400,000 words and phrases in 10 volumes. The latest edition fills 22,000 pages, includes 33,000 Shakespeare quotations, and is bound in 20 volumes.
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
3G Mobile Technologies |
| |
|
|
Modern lifestyle has been developed for the blessing of technology. New advanced technology enables people to lead a digital lifestyle. In this fast-paced world, communication is a major element of life and makes communication easier as technological inventions are being updated constantly. One of the latest additions in the communication technology is none other than the 3G Mobile Technology. |
|
Third generation, formally known as 3G, is basically the next generation high-speed mobile technology which is based on the Global System of Mobile Communication. This advanced communication technology is power-packed with highly advanced features that enable people to lead a high-tech lifestyle. Among them, the primary one is the advantage of making multiple tasks in a single mobile handset. Another aim of this technology is to provide high-speed services to the users, no matter wherever the user is geographically located. |
|
By having a 3G technology mobile phone, one will be able to access high-speed Internet as this technology supports broadband connectivity. Accessing personal real-time emails with a superior level of sophistication will be just a superb experience. The technology comes with a packet-based transmission of text, voice and other contents. This technology gives the advantage of enjoying multimedia contents and video data at an approximate rate of 384 kbps-2 Mbps. One can also take the advantage of video-on-demand, getting sports highlights, watching news and video clips online anytime and anywhere on his mobile gadget. |
|
3G is the third generation of tele-standards and technology for mobile networking, superseding 2.5G. It is based on the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) family of standards under the IMT-2000. |
|
3G networks enable network operators to offer users a wider range of more advanced services while achieving greater network capacity through improved spectral efficiency. Services include wide-area wireless voice telephony, video calls, and broadband wireless data, all in a mobile environment. Additional features also include HSPA data transmission capabilities able to deliver speeds up to 14.4 Mbit/s on the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s on the uplink. |
|
Unlike IEEE 802.11 networks, which are commonly called Wi-Fi or WLAN networks, 3G networks are wide-area cellular telephone networks that evolved to incorporate high-speed Internet access and video telephony. IEEE 802.11 networks are short range, high-bandwidth networks primarily developed for data. |
|
On the other hand, GSM for example is a 2G technology. It uses TDMA technology, proving data speeds of 9.6kbps/14.4kbps. The packet radio upgrade to GSM, called GPRS, can have speeds of up to 114kbps. GPRS is an interim technology towards 3G, and hence known as 2.5G. GSM might go the same way as the older first generation (1G) NMT and AMPS networks in 8-15 years because of the use of newer and better UMTS (3G) technology. |
|
In December 2007, 190 3G networks were operating in 40 countries and 154 HSDPA networks were operating in 71 countries, according to the Global Mobile Suppliers Association (GSA). In Asia, Europe, Canada and the USA, telecommunication companies use W-CDMA technology with the support of around 100 terminal designs to operate 3G mobile networks. |
|
International Telecommunications Union (ITU) IMT-2000 consists of six radio interfaces |
|
|
W-CDMA also known as UMTS |
|
|
CDMA2000 |
|
|
TD-CDMA / TD-SCDMA |
|
|
UWC (often implemented with EDGE ) |
|
|
DECT |
|
|
Mobile WiMAX |
|
|
Evolution from 2G to 3G |
|
2G networks were built mainly for voice data and slow transmission. Due to rapid changes in user expectation, they do not meet today's wireless needs. Evolution from 2G to 3G can be sub-divided into following phases: |
|
|
2G to 2.5G |
|
|
2.5G to 2.75G |
|
|
2.75G to 3G |
|
|
| From 2G to 2.5G (GPRS) |
|
The first major step in the evolution to 3G occurred with the introduction of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). So the cellular services combined with GPRS became 2.5G.
|
|
GPRS could provide data rates from 56 kbit/s up to 114 kbit/s. It can be used for services such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access, Short Message Service (SMS), Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and for Internet communication services such as email and World Wide Web access. GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time, independent of whether the user actually is utilizing the capacity or is in an idle state. |
|
From 2.5G to 2.75G |
|
GPRS networks evolved to EDGE networks. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. |
|
EDGE can be considered a 3G radio technology and is part of ITU's 3G definition, but is most frequently referred to as 2.75G. EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family, and it is an upgrade that provides a potential three-fold increase in capacity of GSM/GPRS networks. EDGE can be used for any packet switched application, such as an Internet, video and other multimedia. |
|
From 2.75G to 3G |
|
From EDGE networks the introduction of UMTS networks and technology is called pure 3G. 3G networks offer a greater degree of security than 2G predecessors. In addition to the 3G network infrastructure security, end to end security is offered when application frameworks such as IMS are accessed, although this is not strictly a 3G property. |
|
Unlike GSM, UMTS (3G) is based on layered services. At the top is the services layer, which provides fast deployment of services and centralized location. In the middle is the control layer, which helps upgrading procedures and allows the capacity of the network to be dynamically allocated. At the bottom is the connectivity layer where any transmission technology can be used and the voice traffic will transfer over ATM/AAL2 or IP/RTP. |
|
3G evolution (pre-4G) |
|
The standardization of 3G evolution is going on both by 3GPP and 3GPP2. The corresponding specifications of 3GPP and 3GPP2 evolutions are named as LTE and UMB, respectively. 3G evolution uses partly beyond 3G technologies to enhance the performance and to make a smooth migration path. |
|
There are several different paths from 2G to 3G. In Europe the main path starts from GSM when GPRS is added to a system. From this point it is possible to go to the UMTS system. In North America the system evolution will start from Time division multiple access (TDMA), change to Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) and then to UMTS. |
|
In Japan, two 3G standards are used: W-CDMA used by NTT DoCoMo and CDMA2000, used by KDDI. Transition for market purposes to 3G was completed in Japan in 2006. |
|
In UK the mobile network 3 (Three) boasts that 90% of the UKs population is covered with 3G, and 99% with the standard talk and text network (2G/2.5G/EDGE) |
|
3G is still in its early years, high prices are to be anticipated because of high fees for frequency licensing and the sheer cost of employing dozens and dozens of teams of engineers to implement a nationwide network and then to maintain it. |
|
A 4G network is in the pipe line, capable of speeds of 100Mbit/s while moving and 1Gbit/s stationary. This however will not see the light of day until at least four, or even eight years time when they have the right equipment to use it. By that stage, bandwidth will be all around us to take advantage of. |
| |
| |
|
|
| |
UMTS |
|
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is one of the third-generation (3G) cell phone technologies, which is also being developed into a 4G technology. Currently, the most common form of UMTS uses W-CDMA as the underlying mobile telephony interface. |
|
Since 2006, UMTS networks in many countries have been or are in the process of being upgraded with High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), sometimes known as 3.5G. Currently, HSDPA enables downlink transfer speeds of up to 7.2 Mbit/s. Work is also progressing on improving the uplink transfer speed with the High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA). In the longer term, it is planned by standardization bodies to move UMTS to 4G speeds of 100 Mbit/s down and 50 Mbit/s up, using a next generation air interface technology based upon Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing. |
|
The first consumer UMTS network was launched in 2002 with a heavy emphasis on telco-provided mobile applications such as mobile TV and video calling. The high data speeds of UMTS are now most often utilized for Internet access. |
| |
| |
|
|
|
| |
Mashups |
|
A digital mashup is a digital media file containing any or all of text, graphics, audio, video and animation drawn from pre-existing sources, to create a new derivative work. Digital mashups represent a new phase in the re-use of existing works. The creation of digital media formats such as ASCII text, Redbook audio, JPEG images and MPEG video has made it far easier for potential mashup creators to create derivative works, than was the case in the past. A major contributing factor to the spread of digital mashups is of course the World Wide Web, which provides channels both for acquiring source material and for distributing derivative works, both often at negligible cost. |
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
WLAN |
|
A Wireless LAN or WLAN or wireless local area network is the linking of two or more computers or devices using spread-spectrum or OFDM modulation based technology to enable communication between devices in a limited area. This gives users the mobility to move around within a broad coverage area and still be connected to the network. |
|
|
For the home users, wireless has become popular due to ease of installation, and location freedom with the gaining popularity of laptops. Public businesses such as coffee shops or malls have begun to offer wireless access to their customers; some are even provided as a free service. Large wireless network projects are being put up in many major cities. |
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
From The Editors Desk |
| |
|
| Kayalvizhi M.S |
| Email - kayal@mindlogicx.com |
| |
| Heartiest Greetings! |
|
|
|
In this issue of Youniverse, we have presented an article on “3G Mobile Technologies”. The article gives an overview of this upcoming field that is all set to revolutionize the way we access data and communicate while on the move. This article describes the evolution of 3G technologies from the existing GSM (2G) mobile technologies.
Our regular section on Exam Alerts informs you of the important dates of the upcoming entrance examinations. Section on Complex simplicities provides you an introducion to the new jargon of UMTS, Mashups, WLAN. Regular columns on Interesting Facts and By the Numbers contain other useful information. |
| |
| We hope that you would find the information presented in this issue of Youniverse interesting and useful. |
| |
We welcome your thought, views, comments and suggestions. |
| |
| Editor |
| |
|
|
| |
Feedback |
|
|
 |
Please provide us with your feedback on how you feel about the Youniverse newsletter. You can also send us your queries on the VEDAS services. |
top |
|
|
| Email to info@gradfirst.com |
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
