| |
|
 |
By The Numbers |
More than 2,30,000 students appeared in CAT 2007. This number is expected to reach 3,00,000 in CAT 2008.
|
|
|
|
Exams alert |
| AIPMT 2008 Preliminary examination will be coducted on April 06, 2008 Sunday. The final examination is on May 11, 2008. Final exams is only for those who qualify in the Preliminary Examination. |
|
|
|
Thus Spake |
To be yourself in a world that is constantly trying to make you something else is the greatest accomplishment. |
|
- Ralph Waldo Emerson
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
| |
Interesting Facts |
|
|
| |
If you spell all the numbers and try to find letter "A" you will have to count to thousAnd
Did you know that: 111,111,111 x 111,111,111 = 12,345,678,987,654,321
The full chemical name for caffeine is 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine and its chemical formula is C8H10N4O2. When coffee is roasted, and when the coffee beans begin to cool, they release about 700 chemical substances that make up the vaporizing aromas |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Windows Operating System |
|
|
|
An operating system (OS) is the software that manages the sharing of the resources of a computer and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources. An operating system processes system data and user input, and responds by allocating and managing tasks and internal system resources as a service to users and programs of the system. At the foundation of all system software, an operating system performs basic tasks such as controlling and allocating memory, prioritizing system requests, controlling input and output devices, facilitating Computer networking and managing files.
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
Smile Please..! |
Make it out of a desert |
An Irishman, a black guy, and a white guy were driving through the desert when they suddenly ran out of gas. They all decided to start walking to the nearest town (which they had passed 50 miles back) to get some help.
A rancher was sitting on his front porch that evening when he saw the white guy top the horizon and walk toward him. The rancher noticed that the white guy was carrying a glass of water, so when he was within hearing distance, the rancher said, "Hi there...what are you doing carring a glass of water through the desert?"
The white guy explained his predicament and explained that since he had a long way to go, he might get thirsty, so that's why he was carrying the water.
A little while later the rancher noticed the black guy walking toward him with a loaf of bread in his hand. "What are you doing?" asked the rancher again.
As before, the black guy explained the situation and said that since he had a long way to go, he might get hungry and that's why he had the bread.
Finally the Irishman appeared, dragging a car door through the sand. More curious than ever, the rancher asked, "Hey, why are you dragging that car door?"
"Well," he said, "I have a long way to go, so if it gets too hot, I'll roll down the window."
|
| |
|
---------------------------------------------- |
Little Johnny Stands Up |
|
|
|
A new teacher was trying to make use of her psychology courses. She started her class by saying, "Everyone who thinks you're stupid, stand up!"
After a few seconds, Little Johnny stood up. The teacher said, "Do you think you're stupid, Little Johnny?"
"No, ma'am, but I hate to see you standing there all by yourself!"
|
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
From The Editors Desk |
| |
Heartiest Greetings!
In this issue of Youniverse, we have presented an Article on “Windows Operating System“, which provides an Introduction to the most popular operating system in the world. The article traverses the historty of the Windows Operating System right from its inception to the release of its latest version called Windows Vista
More >>
|
Complex Simplicities |
|
ISO- International Organization for Standardization
|
|
|
The International Organization for Standardization , widely known as ISO, is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promulgates world-wide industrial and commercial standards. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. ISO is a network of the national standards institutes of 157 countries, one member per country, with a Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the system. |
|
|
|
|
| |
| Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) |
| |
|
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (read as I Triple E) is an international non-profit, professional organization for the advancement of technology related to electricity. It has the most members of any technical professional organization in the world, with more than 360,000 members in around 175 countries. Through its members, the IEEE is a leading authority in technical areas ranging from computer engineering, biomedical technology and telecommunications, to electric power, aerospace and consumer electronics. Through its technical publishing, conferences and consensus-based standards activities, IEEE produces 30 percent of the world's published literature in electrical engineering, computers and control technology, holds annually more than 300 major conferences and has nearly 900 active standards with 700 under development. |
|
|
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
|
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
|
|
| |
Interesting Facts |
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
If you spell all the numbers and try to find letter "A" you will have to count to thousAnd. |
|
|
| |
|
Did you know that: 111,111,111 x 111,111,111 = 12,345,678,987,654,321 |
|
|
| |
|
The full chemical name for caffeine is 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine and its chemical formula is C8H10N4O2. When coffee is roasted, and when the coffee beans begin to cool, they release about 700 chemical substances that make up the vaporizing aromas. |
|
|
| |
|
Probably the most popular car in the world, Beetle had facinating past. It was proposed by Adolf Hitler to make peoples car that can fit 5 people and deliver speed of 100km/h (62mph) later known as “Volks-Wagen” (“People Car”). Beetle was designed by Ferdinand Porsche founder of automotive design company, which became known as the Porsche Buro. Ferdinand also designed German tanks, Tiger I and Tiger II. The first Porsche ever built was Porsche 356 created by Ferry Porsche, son of Ferdinand Porsche. Porsche currently owns 31% of the Volkswagen car comapany. |
|
|
| |
|
A Company in Brazil (Suite Vollard) constructed a building in which each floor can rotate 360 degree. Each building has 11 apartments and each apartment can spin individually in any direction. One rotation take a full hour, but apartment owner can set rotation speed through apartment control panel. Facades are made of three different types of glass which give wonderful effects when building spins during the sunset. |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
| |
Windows Operating System |
| |
An operating system (OS) is the software that manages the sharing of the resources of a computer and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources. An operating system processes system data and user input, and responds by allocating and managing tasks and internal system resources as a service to users and programs of the system. At the foundation of all system software, an operating system performs basic tasks such as controlling and allocating memory, prioritizing system requests, controlling input and output devices, facilitating Computer networking and managing files. Most operating systems come with an application that provides a interface for managing the operating system. The operating system forms a platform for other software. |
|
|
|
Microsoft Windows is the name of several families of software operating systems by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Microsoft Windows eventually came to dominate the world's personal computer market, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced previously. The most recent client version of Windows is Windows Vista. |
|
| History |
|
|
|
Microsoft first began development of the Interface Manager (subsequently renamed Microsoft Windows) in September 1981. Although the first prototypes used Multiplan and Word-like menus at the bottom of the screen, the interface was changed in 1982 to use pull-down menus and dialogs, as used on the Xerox Star. Microsoft finally announced Windows in November 1983, with pressure from just-released VisiOn and impending TopView. |
|
|
|
This was after the release of the Apple Lisa, and before Digital Research announced GEM, and DESQ from Quarterdeck and the Amiga Workbench , or GEOS/GeoWorks Ensemble, IBM OS/2, NeXTstep or even DeskMate from Tandy. Windows promised an easy-to-use graphical interface, device-independent graphics and multitasking support. The development was delayed several times, however, and the Windows 1.0 hit the store shelves in November 1985. The selection of applications was sparse, however, and Windows sales were modest. |
|
Windows 2.0, introduced in the fall of 1987, provided significant usability improvements to Windows. With the addition of icons and overlapping windows, Windows became a viable environment for development of major applications (such as Excel, Word for Windows, Corel Draw!, Ami, PageMaker and Micrografx Designer), and the sales were spurred by the runtime ("Single Application Environment") versions supplied by the independent software vendors. |
|
In late 1987 Microsoft released Windows/386. While it was functionally equivalent to its sibling, Windows/286, in running Windows applications, it provided the capability to run multiple DOS applications simultaneously in the extended memory. |
|
In this way Microsoft keep on releasing latest versions of operating systems on windows. As latest versions Ms has released Windows 98 in 1998, Windows 2000 in 2000, and XP in Oct 2001. Now the latest addition to the windows OS family is Windows Vista it has released on Jan, 30. 2007. The release of Windows Vista comes more than five years after the introduction of its predecessor, Windows XP, making it the longest time span between two releases of Microsoft Windows. |
| |
| Major versions of Windows OS: |
| |
| Windows NT |
| |
In July 1993, Microsoft released Windows NT based on a new kernel. NT was considered to be the professional OS and was the first Windows version to utilize preemptive multitasking. It was originally designed to be a powerful high-level-language-based, processor-independent, multiprocessing, multi-user operating system with features comparable to Unix. It was intended to complement consumer versions of Windows that were based on MS- DOS. Windows NT would later be retooled to also function as a home operating system, with Windows XP.
Advanced Features: A main design goal of NT was hardware and software portability. Versions of NT were available for a variety of processor architectures, namely Intel IA-32, MIPS, Alpha, PowerPC, SPARC, Intel i860, and Intel i960. Broad software compatibility was achieved with support for several API "personalities", including the primary Win32 API and limited support for POSIX and OS/2 APIs. For secure multi-user server solutions, NT supported per-object (file, function, and role) access control lists allowing a rich set of security permissions to be applied to systems and services. NT supported Windows network protocols, inheriting the previous OS/2 LAN Manager networking, as well as Unix's TCP/IP networking (for which Microsoft would implement a TCP/IP stack derived from the BSD Unix stack).
|
| |
| Windows 95 |
| |
It is a consumer-oriented graphical user interface-based operating system. It was released on August 24, 1995 by Microsoft, and was a significant progression from the company's previous Windows products. During development it was referred to as Windows 4.0 or by the internal codename Chicago.
Advanced Features: Windows 95 was intended to integrate Microsoft's formerly separate MS-DOS and Windows products and includes an enhanced version of DOS, often referred to as MS-DOS 7.0. It features significant improvements over its predecessor, Windows 3.1, most visibly the graphical user interface (GUI) whose basic format and structure is still used in later versions such as Windows Vista. There were also large changes made to the underlying workings, including support for 255-character mixed-case long filenames and preemptively multitasked protected-mode 32-bit applications
|
| |
| Windows 98 |
| |
Windows 98 (codenamed Memphis) is a graphical operating system released on June 25, 1998 by Microsoft and the successor to Windows 95. Like its predecessor, it is a hybrid 16-bit/32-bit monolithic product based on MS-DOS.
Advanced Features: It includes fixes for many minor issues, improved USB support, and the replacement of Internet Explorer 4.0 with the significantly faster and lighter Internet Explorer 5. Also included is Internet Connection Sharing, which allows multiple computers on a LAN to share a single Internet connection through Network Address Translation. Other features in the update include Microsoft NetMeeting 3.0 and integrated support for DVD-ROM drives. A memory overflow issue was resolved which in the older version of Windows 98 would crash most systems if left running for 48 hours. Also included on the CD-ROM is the option to install Microsoft Plus! themes for Windows 98.
|
| |
| Windows 2000 |
| |
Windows 2000 (also referred to as Win2K) is a preemptive, interruptible, graphical and business-oriented operating system designed to work with either uniprocessor or symmetric multi-processor computers. It is part of the Microsoft Windows NT line of operating systems and was released on February 17, 2000. It was succeeded by Windows XP in October 2001 and Windows Server 2003 in April 2003. Windows 2000 is classified as a hybrid kernel operating system.
Four editions of Windows 2000 have been released: Professional, Server, Advanced Server, and Datacenter Server. Additionally, Microsoft offered Windows 2000 Advanced Server Limited Edition and Windows 2000 Datacenter Server Limited Edition.
Advanced Features: Microsoft included increased support for different languages and locale information. All versions of the operating system support the Windows NT file system, NTFS 3.0, the Encrypting File System, as well as basic and dynamic disk storage. The Windows 2000 Server family has additional functionality, including the ability to provide Active Directory services (a hierarchical framework of resources), Distributed File System (a file system that supports sharing of files) and fault-redundant storage volumes. Windows 2000 can be installed and deployed to corporate desktops through either an attended or unattended installation. Unattended installations rely on the use of answer files to fill in installation information, and can be performed through a bootable CD using Microsoft Systems Management Server, by the System Preparation Tool. Windows 2000 is the last NT-kernel based version of Microsoft Windows that does not include Windows Product Activation, although Microsoft later introduced Windows Genuine Advantage also for Windows 2000.
|
| |
| Windows XP |
| |
Windows XP is a line of operating systems developed by Microsoft for use on general-purpose computer systems, including home and business desktops, notebook computers, and media centers. The name "XP" stands for eXPerience. It was codenamed "Whistler", after Whistler, British Columbia, as many Microsoft employees skied at the Whistler-Blackcomb ski resort during its development. Windows XP is the successor to both Windows 2000 Professional and Windows Me, and is the first consumer-oriented operating system produced by Microsoft to be built on the Windows NT kernel and architecture. Windows XP was first released on October 25, 2001, and over 400 million copies were in use in January 2006.
Advanced Features: Windows XP is known for its improved stability and efficiency over the 9x versions of Microsoft Windows. It presents a significantly redesigned graphical user interface, a change Microsoft promoted as more user-friendly than previous versions of Windows. New software management capabilities were introduced to avoid the "DLL hell" that plagued older consumer-oriented 9x versions of Windows. It is also the first version of Windows to use product activation to combat software piracy, a restriction that did not sit well with some users and privacy advocates. Windows XP has also been criticized by some users for security vulnerabilities, tight integration of applications such as Internet Explorer and Windows Media Player, and for aspects of its default user interface.
|
|
| Windows Vista |
| |
Windows Vista (pronounced /vast/) is a line of operating systems developed by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, Tablet PCs, and media centers. Prior to its announcement on July 22, 2005, Windows Vista was known by its codename "Longhorn". Development was completed on November 8, 2006; over the following three months it was released in stages to computer hardware and software manufacturers, business customers, and retail channels. On January 30, 2007, it was released worldwide to the general public, and was made available for purchase and downloading from Microsoft's web site The release of Windows Vista comes more than five years after the introduction of its predecessor, Windows XP, making it the longest time span between two releases of Microsoft Windows.
Advanced Features: Windows Vista (formerly codenamed Longhorn) has many new features compared with previous Microsoft Windows versions, covering most aspects of the operating system. Features includes following,
|
|
|
Detects hardware problems before they occur, which is designed to reduce the frequency of incidents in which applications stop responding or the PC needs to be restarted. |
|
|
|
Windows Vista security features protect against the latest generation of threats, such as worms, viruses and spyware. If an attacker manages to compromise a computer, Windows Vista limits the damage. |
|
|
|
Security features protect against the latest generation of threats, such as worms, viruses and spyware. If an attacker manages to compromise a computer, Windows Vista limits the damage. |
|
|
|
Faster start-up time and low power consumption of the new sleep state. In many cases, Windows Vista is noticeably more responsive than Windows XP on identical hardware |
|
|
|
Windows Vista simplifies and centralizes desktop configuration management, reducing the cost of keeping systems updated. |
| |
Five user friendly versions of Windows Vista: |
|
|
|
|
Windows Vista Business |
|
|
|
Windows Vista Enterprise |
|
|
|
Windows Vista Home Premium |
|
|
|
Windows Vista Ultimate |
|
|
|
Windows Vista Home Basic |
|
|
| Windows Vista Upgrade Advisor: |
|
The Windows Vista Upgrade Advisor will help you to determine if your Windows XP-based PC can run Windows Vista. You can also use the Upgrade Advisor to determine if your Windows Vista-based PC is ready for an upgrade to a more powerful edition of Windows Vista.
This small software tool will scan your computer and create an easy-to-understand report of all known system, device, and program compatibility issues, and recommend ways to resolve them. Upgrade Advisor can also help you to choose the edition of Windows Vista that best fits the way you want to use your computer. Just download, install, and run the Windows Vista Upgrade Advisor. |
|
| |
| Performance Improvements with Windows Vista: |
| |
One of the great new performance enhancements in Windows Vista is the support for the new Windows Display Driver Model (WDDM). WDDM is specifically optimized for next generation user interfaces. Previous operating systems have been based on code written for hardware that is long since outdated. In many cases today, the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) sits idly by as business applications run without taking advantage of it.
WDDM treats the GPU as a scheduled resource, one that can be assigned prioritized rendering tasks; much like Windows prioritizes CPU time across multiple applications today. This GPU scheduling strongly improves performance and quality when multiple high end user interfaces are in use, and is a clear advantage over running the same code under the existing Windows XP display driver model. Because of the way WDDM uses the GPU, it also isolates the resources of one application from another, a requirement for protected high-definition (HD) content playback. Current Windows XP display drivers do not have such facilities, and are therefore limited in the types of HD content they can playback.
Another benefit that applies specifically to running Windows Presentation Foundation applications on Windows Vista is that WDDM has new APIs that enable developers to easily interact with the GPU, providing non-gaming applications with rich, user-friendly interfaces. This is not an option on Windows XP, where you are limited to traditional Win32 resources.
Previously Microsoft delivered five different versions of the Windows XP operating system, but these different versions were designed for specific types of PC hardware and not for the different ways people use their PCs.
For example, keeping in the mind mobile PC users Windows XP Professional Tablet PC Edition is designed which supports handwriting recognition. For multimedia lovers Microsoft designed Windows XP Media Center Edition for getting home entertainment. Again for graphic designers and speed lovers, a cutting-edge 64-bit processor is used in Windows XP Professional x64 Edition.
Because its quality and uniqueness Microsoft Windows OS has become ultimate OS accross the wolrd. The updates which Microsoft relseases regularly will help nd user to upgrade existing OS.
|
| |
| |
|
|
| |
ISO- International Organization for Standardization |
| |
|
|
The International Organization for Standardization , widely known as ISO, is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promulgates world-wide industrial and commercial standards. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. ISO is a network of the national standards institutes of 157 countries, one member per country, with a Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the system. |
|
|
|
|
While ISO defines itself as a non-governmental organization, its ability to set standards that often become law, either through treaties or national standards, makes it more powerful than most non-governmental organizations. In practice, ISO acts as a consortium with strong links to governments. |
|
|
|
ISO is a non-governmental organization that forms a bridge between the public and private sectors. On the one hand, many of its member institutes are part of the governmental structure of their countries, or are mandated by their government. On the other hand, other members have their roots uniquely in the private sector, having been set up by national partnerships of industry associations.
Therefore, ISO enables a consensus to be reached on solutions that meet both the requirements of business and the broader needs of society. |
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
| |
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (read as I Triple E) is an international non-profit, professional organization for the advancement of technology related to electricity. It has the most members of any technical professional organization in the world, with more than 360,000 members in around 175 countries. Through its members, the IEEE is a leading authority in technical areas ranging from computer engineering, biomedical technology and telecommunications, to electric power, aerospace and consumer electronics. Through its technical publishing, conferences and consensus-based standards activities, IEEE produces 30 percent of the world's published literature in electrical engineering, computers and control technology, holds annually more than 300 major conferences and has nearly 900 active standards with 700 under development. |
|
|
|
The IEEE provides learning opportunities within the engineering sciences, research, and technology. The goal of the IEEE education programs is to ensure the growth of skill and knowledge in the electricity-related technical professions and to foster individual commitment to continuing education among IEEE members, the engineering and scientific communities, and the general public. |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
From The Editors Desk |
| |
|
| Kayalvizhi M.S |
| Email - kayal@mindlogicx.com |
| |
| Heartiest Greetings! |
|
|
|
In this issue of Youniverse, we have presented an Article on “Windows Operating System“, which provides an Introduction to the most popular operating system in the world. The article traverses the historty of the Windows Operating System right from its inception to the release of its latest version called Windows Vista and explains how it has made the life of a computer professional much easy with its simple yet powerful Graphical User Interface.
Our regular section on Examinations informs you of the exams alert in the coming month. Section on Complex simplicities attempts to provide you an information on ISO and IEEE, two of the world’s biggest standard making bodies.
|
|
|
We welcome your thought, views, comments & suggestions to share information as knowledge. |
| |
| Editor |
|
|
| |
Feedback |
|
|
 |
Please provide us with your feedback on how you feel about the Youniverse newsletter.You can also send us your queries on the VEDAS services. |
top |
|
|
| Email to info@vedaslive.com |
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
